Pedicle De-epithelialization in Reduction Mammoplasty: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Reduction mammoplasty is among the most commonly performed plastic surgery procedures. The reduction pedicle is traditionally de-epithelialized. Many practitioners propose that preservation of the subdermal blood supply results in improved circulation for the nipple-areolar complex. However, this is a time-consuming step of the procedure. Presumed benefits have not been definitively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate current evidence regarding pedicle de-epithelialization in inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty. METHODS: The MEDLINE database was searched for studies evaluating pedicle de-epithelialization in reduction mammoplasty surgery. Studies reporting outcomes after reduction mammoplasty with pedicle de-epithelialization and deskinning were included. Additionally, reports detailing novel techniques or modification for pedicle de-epithelialization were evaluated and included. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-eight articles were identified on a systematic review. Thirty-six articles met the study criteria. This includes 23 reporting outcomes after reduction mammoplasty procedures and 13 describing novel techniques for pedicle de-epithelialization. Of the 23 studies reporting outcomes, 6 studies evaluated deskinning of the pedicle. Two of the six studies directly compared deskinning and de-epithelialization. They reported no significant difference in outcomes. The remaining 17 articles described outcomes of inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty with pedicle de-epithelialization. Studies evaluating deskinning reported ischemic nipple-areolar complex complication rates between 0 and 1.4%. Studies evaluating de-epithelialization reported ischemic nipple-areolar complex complication rates between 0 and 11.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Pedicle de-epithelialization is commonly performed despite limited definitive evidence evaluating its surgical necessity or benefits. Available evidence suggests deskinning may yield acceptable results; however, further investigation is necessary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Nipple-sparing mastectomy: technical aspects and aesthetic outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly used to improve the results of immediate breast reconstruction. Technical aspects and aesthetic outcomes of this procedure are examined. METHODS: A study of a prospective institutional database of all cases of NSM between 2009 and 2010 was performed. Aesthetic outcomes (symmetry, inframammary fold, volume, contour, and nipple) are compared with patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction by grading postoperative photographs. Technical refinements in incision types and nipple positioning are described. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients underwent 40 NSMs during the study period. Partial nipple necrosis occurred in 15 breasts (37.5%); of them, 14 healed uneventfully with local wound care, and 1 patient required delayed nipple reconstruction. Nipple necrosis by incision type was radial/circumareolar in 6 of 8 (75%) patients; radial, 3 of 9 (33.3%); inframammary fold, 6 of 22 (27.3%); and vertical, 0 of 1 (0%). The nipple aesthetic outcome was significantly better for NSM compared with nipple reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of partial nipple necrosis was high and was related to circumareolar incisions. Most cases of nipple necrosis are superficial and heal uneventfully. Preservation of the nipple improves the aesthetic outcome of immediate breast reconstruction.

Unrecognized suicidal ideation in ED patients: are we missing an opportunity?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients who disclosed suicidal ideation during a health-risk survey had their mental health symptoms documented by physicians and were given mental health referrals and to evaluate how many of these patients subsequently attempted suicide. METHODS: As part of a larger survey, patients responded to questions on a computer kiosk about general health risk behaviors and mental health symptoms. Fifteen months after initiating the survey, we reviewed medical records on those patients who had disclosed suicidal ideation. A standardized abstraction sheet was used to collect data regarding the ED diagnosis at the time of enrollment, physician documentation of suicidal ideation, and referral to psychiatric services, as well as subsequent ED and clinic visits and suicide attempts. RESULTS: Of the 165 patients who disclosed suicidal ideation on the computer survey, 118 charts (72%) were available. During the index ED visit, only 25% of patients had suicidal ideation or other mental health issues noted on the chart. The majority (76%) of patients were discharged home, 10% were transferred to psychiatric services, and 3% were admitted for medical reasons. Although 72 patients had no future visits to the ED or other hospital-affiliated clinics, 39% of patients had at least one subsequent visit to the ED, and 17% had at least one visit to the psychiatric services. Four patients attempted suicide after their initial index visit to the ED. CONCLUSION: Suicidal ideation was self-disclosed frequently by waiting room patients in our urban ED, and patients who disclosed suicidal ideation did not always receive referrals for mental health services.